arXiv:2611.08938v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Vecchia approximations enable scalable likelihood-based inference for large Gaussian process models, but their accuracy depends on the choice of conditioning sets. For spatio-temporal processes with advection, target-centered conditioning can omit informative past observations. Motivated by total column ozone observations from the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS), we propose a data-driven, advection-aligned block Vecchia approximation that incorporates estimated transport direction into temporal conditioning geometry. Observation locations need not lie on a regular grid. An initial advection vector is estimated from the data and used once to select transport-aligned past-time conditioning blocks. The resulting graph is held fixed during optimization, while covariance and advection parameters remain free to vary. This separates neighbor selection from covariance estimation, avoids repeated parameter-dependent neighbor searches, and provides an interpretable connection between conditioning geometry and estimated transport. Batched graphics processing unit (GPU) operations evaluate the likelihood and its gradients. In a matched comparison of daily GEMS datasets from July 2024 and July 2025, advection-aligned conditioning attained a lower fitted Vecchia negative log-likelihood than target-centered conditioning on 53 of 61 days. In six Mat\'ern simulation scenarios with 120 matched eight-hour fields each, advection-aligned conditioning reduced advection-vector root mean squared error relative to target-centered conditioning at the same conditioning-block budget, with the largest reduction under strong transport.